| Caucasus Mountains | |
|---|---|
 Forward pass view of the Caucasus Mountains | |
| Highest point | |
| Flush | Saddle horse Elbrus |
| Peak | 5,642 m (18,510 ft) |
| Coordinates | 43°21′18″N 42°26′31″E / 43.35500°N 42.44194°E / 43.35500; 42.44194 |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 1,200 km (750 naut mi) |
| Width | 160 klick (99 mi) |
| Geography | |
| Topographic map | |
| Countries | Hayastan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia and Turkey |
| Continent | Eurasia |
| Range coordinates | 42°30′N 45°00′E / 42.5°N 45°E / 42.5; 45 Coordinates: 42°30′N 45°00′E / 42.5°N 45°E / 42.5; 45 |
Orbiter effigy of the Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains [a] is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Stretching between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea Sea, it is surrounded away the Caucasus region and is home to Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe at 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) above sea level.
The Caucasus include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south. The Greater Caucasus Mountains runs west-north-west to east-southeasterly, from the Caucasian Natural Earmark in the neighborhood of Sochi, Russia on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea to Baku, Azerbaijan on the Caspian Seagoing. The Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the Greater about 100 km (62 mi) south.[1] The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are linked by the Likhi Range, and to the west and east of the Likhi Roll lie the Colchis Simple and the Kur-Araz Lowland. The Meskheti Range is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system of rules. In the southeast, the Aras River separates the Lesser Caucasus from the Talysh Mountains which straddles the adjoin of southeast Azerbaijani Republic and Iran. The Little Caucasus and the Armenian alphabet Alpestrine constitute the Transcaucasian Highland, which at their Western end converges with the highland plateau of Eastern Asia Minor in the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda in the north Orient of Turkey. Mountains near Sochi hosted part of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games.
Geology [edit]
Geologically, the Caucasus Mountains dwell to the Alpide belt system that extends from southeastern Europe into Asia[2] and is considered a border between the two continents.[3] The Greater Caucasus Mountains are mainly combined of Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks with the Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks in the high regions. Some volcanic formations are found throughout the range. On the other hand, the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are formed predominantly of the Paleogene rocks with a much little portion of the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks. The phylogenesis of the Caucasus began from the Late Triassic period to the Unpunctual Jurassic during the Cimmerian orogeny at the open tolerance of the Tethys Ocean while the uplift of the Greater Caucasia is unstylish to the Miocene during the Alpine orogeny.
The Caucasus Mountains bacillar largely American Samoa the result of a tectonic plate collision between the Arabian Shell moving northwards with honour to the Eurasian Plate. As the Tethys Oversea was closed and the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate and was pushed against it and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision, the Iranian Plate was pressed against the Continent Plate. As this happened, the entire rocks that had been deposited in this basin from the Jurassic to the Miocene were folded to form the Greater Caucasus Mountains. This collision likewise caused the intoxicat and the Cenozoic mountain activity in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains.[4]
The entire region is regularly subjected to strong earthquakes from this bodily function.[5] While the Greater Caucasus Mountains have a mainly folded sedimentary social organisation, the Small Caucasus Mountains are largely of extrusive bloodline.[6]
The Javakheti Volcanic Plateau in GA and the surrounding volcanic ranges which extend well into central Armenia are some of the youngest features of the neighborhood. Single recently was the Caucasus a scene for intense unstable activity: the Armenian highland was flooded by calc-alkaline basalts and andesites in the Pliocene and the highest summits of the Caucasus, the Elbrus, and the Kazbek, acorn-shaped as Pleistocene-Pliocene volcanoes. The Kazbek is no longer active, just the Elbrus erupted in postglacial times and fumarole activity is registered near its summit. Current seismic activity is a prominent boast of the neighborhood, reflecting active shift and layer shortening. Clusters of seismicity occur in Dagestan and in northern Armenia. Many a devastating earthquakes ingest been documented in historical times, including the Spitak temblor in December 1988 which destroyed the Gyumri-Vanadzor domain of Hayastan.
Guiding light peaks [edit]
Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 m (18,510 ft), in the Caucasus Mountains, is sometimes cited as the highest peak in Europe. Mount Elbrus is 832 m (2,730 ft) higher than Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps and Western Europe at 4,810 m (15,780 ft). Nevertheless, there are just about technical disagreements over whether Mount Elbrus is in Europe.[7] The crest of the Greater Caucasus Mountains is usually affected to define the Greater Caucasus Watershed which marks the continental bounds between Asia and Europe for the region between the Black and Caspian seas, this classification would place Mount Elbrus at the junction with Asia.[3]
The table below lists whatsoever of the highest peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. With the elision of Shkhara, the high are taken from Soviet 1:50,000 mapping. The inclination includes the cardinal ultras (mountains of more than 1,500 m bulge) and all mountains o'er 4,500 m peak with 300 m bump. Mount Ararat (5,137 m) in Bomb is just south-central of the Small Caucasus.
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Some of the Highest peaks in the Caucasus Peak call ALT
(metres)Prominence
(metres)Country Elbrus 5,642
4,741
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Dykh-Tau 5,205
2,002
Russia Shkhara 5,193[b]
1,365
Georgia / Russia Koshtan-Tau 5,152
822
Russia Pushkin peak 5,100
110
Soviet Russia Janga
(Dzhangi-Tau)5,085
300
Georgia / Russia Mizhirgi 5,047
10
Russia Kazbek 5,034
2,353
Georgia / Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Katyn-Tau 4,979
240
Georgia / Soviet Union Kukurtlu Dome 4,978
18
Russia Gistola 4,860
320
Georgia / Russia Shota Rustaveli 4,860
c. 50
Georgia / USS Tetnuldi 4,858
672
Georgia Dzhimara
(Jimari)4,780
840
Peach State / Russia Ushba 4,710
1,143
Georgia Dumala-Tau 4,682
332
Soviet Union Gora Uilpata 4,649
1300
Russia Tikhtengen 4,618
768
Georgia / Russia Ailama 4,547
1,067
Georgia Tiutiun-Tau 4,540
380
Russia Jailik 4,533
926
Russia Salinan 4,508
621
Russia Tebulosmta 4,499
2,145
Georgia / Russia Mount Bazardüzü 4,466
2,454
Azerbaijan Gora Tai Long 4,451
1,775
Georgia / Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tepli 4,431
1,144
Russia Diklo 4,285
843
Georgia Mount Shahdagh 4,243
1,102
Azerbaijan Gora Addala
Shukgelmezr4,152
1,792
Russia Gora Dyultydag 4,127
1,834
Russia Aragats 4,090
2,143
Armenia Deavgay 4,016
1,251
Russia
Climate [edit]
The climate of the Caucasus varies both vertically (according to elevation) and horizontally (by latitude and emplacemen). Temperature generally decreases as elevation rises. Average annual temperature in Sukhumi, Abkhazia at sea level is 15 °C (59 °F) spell connected the slopes of Element 109.Kazbek at an elevation of 3,700 metres (12,100 ft), mediocre annual temperature waterfall to −6.1 °C (21.0 °F). The Yankee slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range are 3 °C (5.4 °F) colder than the meridional slopes. The Highlands of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Empire State of the South are marked past sharp temperature contrasts 'tween the summertime and winter months due to a more continental climate.
Precipitation increases from east to westerly in most areas. Elevation plays an outstanding role in the Caucasus and mountains generally receive higher amounts of haste than low-lying areas. The northeast regions (Dagestan) and the southern portions of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are the driest. The absolute minimum annual precipitation is 250 mm (9.84 in) in the north Caspian Clinical depression. Western parts of the Caucasus Mountains are marked aside high amounts of hurriedness. The south slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range receive high amounts of precipitation than the Yankee slopes. Annual precipitation in the Western Caucasus ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 mm (39.37–157.48 in) while in the Eastern and Northern Caucasus (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ossetia, Kakheti, Kartli, etc.) precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,800 mm (23.62–70.87 in). The absolute maximum annual precipitation is 4,100 mm (161.42 in) around the Montana. Mtirala area which lies connected the Meskheti Zero in Ajaria. The hurry of the Lesser Caucasia Range (Grey Georgia, Armenia, western Azerbaijan), not including the Meskheti Range, varies from 300-800 millimeter (31.50 in) annually.
The Caucasus Mountains are known for the high total of snowfall, although many regions which are non settled along the windward slopes practise non invite nearly every bit much snow. This is peculiarly honest for the Lesser Caucasus Mountains which are somewhat isolated from the moist influences coming in from the Black Sea and meet considerably less precipitation (in the pattern of snow) than the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The average winter lead by the nose cover of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains ranges from 10 to 30 cm (3.94–11.81 in). The Greater Caucasus Mountains (peculiarly the southwestern slopes) are asterisked by heavy snowfall. Avalanches are common from November to Apr.
Snow cover in several regions (Svaneti and northern Abkhazia) whitethorn reach 5 metres (16 ft). The Mt. Achishkho region, which is the snowiest place in the Caucasus, frequently records snow depths of 7 m (23 ft).
Landscape [edit]
Khodz river headwaters, West Caucasus
The Caucasus Mountains have a varied landscape painting which mainly changes reported to elevation and distance from wide bodies of water supply. The region contains biomes ranging from subtropical low-lying marshes and forests to glaciers (Southwestern and Central Caucasus), and alpine semideserts, steppes, and alpine meadows in the south (mainly in Armenia and Azerbaijan).
The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by oak tree, hornbeam, maple, and ash tree forests at glower elevations patc birch and pine forests take over at high elevations. Some of the lowest areas of the region are covered by steppes and grasslands. The slopes of the Northwesterly Greater Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria, Cherkessia, etc.) as wel contain dashing and fir tree forests. The alpine geographical zone replaces the forest at round 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above suboceanic level. The permafrost/glacier line generally starts around 2,800–3,000 metres (9,200–9,800 ft). The southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus are covered by beechwood, oak, maple, hornbeam, and ash forests. Beech forests tend to dominate in high locations. The southwestern slopes of the Greater Caucasus are covered aside Colchian forests (oak, buxus, beech, chestnut tree, hornbeam, elm) at depress elevations with coniferous and mixed forests (spruce, fir and beech) taking concluded at higher elevations. The alpine zone along the southern slopes may extend aweigh to 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) above sea level spell the glacier/snow line starts at 3,000–3,500 metres (9,800–11,500 ft).
The northern and western slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are characterized both by Colchian and another broadleaf forests at get down elevations spell sundry and evergreen forests (mainly spruce and fir tree) overlook at higher elevations. Beech forests are also common at higher elevations. The southern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely covered by grasslands and steppes up to an meridian of 2,500 metres (8,200 foot). The highest areas of the region contain alpine grasslands Eastern Samoa well. Volcanic and other Rock formations are common throughout the region. The volcanic zone extends concluded a large area from southern Georgia into Armenia and southwesterly Azerbaijan. Some of the prominent peaks of the neighborhood include Mt. Aragats, Didi Abuli, Samsari, and others. The area is characterized by extrusive plateaus, lava flows, volcanic lakes, mount cones and opposite features. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains lack the type of glaciers and glacial features that are lowborn on the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range.
Chronicle [edit]
Crossing the Caucasus Mountain range was an important section of the northern subdivision of the Silk Path. There was one pass on the southeast last in Derbent (celebrated as the Caspian Gates or Bill Gates of Alexander), and quadruple passes throughout the range: Jvari Choke at 2379 m and above the Darial Gorge on the Georgian Discipline Road, Mamison Pass the Ossetian Military Touring at 2911 m, and Roki Tunnel at 2310 m.
Image gallery [edit]
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Asbestnaya Mount and Acheshbok Mount, Russia
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Bolshoy Tkhach Park, Russia
See likewise [edit]
- Zagros Mountains
Notes [edit]
- ^ Native names:
- Georgian: კავკასიონი, romanized: k'avk'asioni,
- articulate [kʼɑvkʼɑsiɔni]
- Armenian: Կովկասյան լեռներ, Kovkasyan leṙner
- pronounced [kɔvkɑsjɑn lɛrˈnɛɾ]
- Azerbaijani: Qafqaz dağları, pronounced [qɑfqɑz dɑʁlɑrɯ]
- Russian: Кавка́зские го́ры, tr. Kavkázskiye góry, IPA: [kɐfˈkasːkʲɪje ˈɡorɨ]
- Turkish: Kafkas Dağları, Country orthoepy: [kafkas daːɫaɾɯ]
- Persian: كوه هاى قفقاز
- ^ The elevation and coordinates given present are condemned from a DGPS surveil by Peter Schoen and Boris Avdeev, in association with "GeoAT". . It was carried out in July 2010 and "successful available". November 2010. in November 2010.
References [edit]
- ^ Stokes, Chris R. (2011). Singh, Vijay P.; Haritashya, Umesh K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Spring Science & Business Media. p. 127. ISBN978-90-481-2641-5.
- ^ Sharkov, E.; Lebedev, V.; Chugaev, A.; Zabarinskaya, L.; Rodnikov, A.; Sergeeva, N.; Safonova, I. (2015-07-01). "The Geographic region-Arabian section of the Upland-Himalayan collisional belt: Geology, volcanism and neotectonics". Geoscience Frontiers. 6 (4): 513–522. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2014.07.001. ISSN 1674-9871.
- ^ a b National Geographic Maps (Firm) (2011), Atlas of the world, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, ISBN978-1-4262-0632-0, OCLC 671359683, retrieved 2021-01-09
- ^ Adamia, Shota; Zakariadze, Guram; Chkhotua, Tamar; Sadradze, Nino; Tsereteli, Nino; Chabukiani, Aleksandre; Gventsadze, Aleksandre (January 2011). "Geology of the Caucasus: A Review" (PDF). Land J. Earth Sci. 20: 489–544.
- ^ Reilinger, R. E.; McClusky, S. C.; Oral exam, M. B.; King, R. W.; Toksoz, M. N.; Barka, A. A.; Kinik, I.; Lenk, O.; Sanli, I. (January 1997). "Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone". Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (B5): 9983–9999. Bibcode:1997JGR...102.9983R. doi:10.1029/96JB03736.
- ^ Duke of Edinburgh, H.; Cisternas, A.; Gvishiani, A.; Gorshkov, A. (1 Apr 1989). "The Caucasus". Tectonophysics. 161 (1–2): 1–21. Bibcode:1989Tectp.161....1P. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90297-7.
- ^ "Mt. Elbrus". NASA Earth Observatory. NASA. 7 July 2003. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- Parts of this clause are from the NASA Earth Observatory: "Mt. Elbrus". Land Observatory (image &ere; text). newsroom / freshly images. NASA. 12 September 2000. Archived from the original on 2005-10-28.
Further reading [blue-pencil]
- Cornell, Svante E. (1 December 2000). Small Nations and Large Powers: A study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN978-070071162-8.
Sets out a synthesis of the Geographic region conflicts and a conclusion along the place of the Caucasus in world personal matters.
External links [edit]
- "Caucasus Mountains". NASA Earth Observatory.
- "Highest Peaks of the Caucasia from peakbagger.com". Peakbagger.com.
- "List of the most prominent mountains in the Caucasia". Peaklist.org.
- "What to discove in Caucasus Mountains" (touristry promotion / commercial). Retrieved 2021-09-20 .
the caucasus mountains form a border between russia and
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains
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